2026 U.S. Equity Outlook
Second Quarter
Key Takeaways
Growth Stocks: Uncertainty has rarely been higher — monetary policy, the global geopolitical landscape and trade policies are all in flux. To top it off, the ultimate economic impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) are uncertain.
Value Stocks: From software to retail, investors grapple with how quickly AI threats will materialize and where they may be overstated.
Growth Stocks
Investing in a Time of Heightened Uncertainty
As 2026 unfolds, we’re closely monitoring several key economic and market risks. While we’re emphatically fundamental, bottom-up investors, we still believe it’s important to understand the environment in which our companies operate. We believe these volatile economic conditions present an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the value of our long-term focus on high-quality, growing companies.
We see numerous tensions in the markets, indicating that this will likely be a significant and volatile year for financial markets.
The fog of war. Beyond the human tragedy, a widening conflict in the Middle East poses risks to global energy markets. A prolonged conflict, disruptions to global shipping and sustained higher energy prices could lead to higher inflation, complicating the outlook for growth and interest rates.
Uncertain U.S. monetary policy. Relatively weak job conditions argue for lower rates, while above-target inflation suggests little or no further cuts. President Donald Trump’s attacks on the Federal Reserve's (Fed’s) independence and the nomination of a new Fed chair introduce additional uncertainty into the interest rate outlook.
U.S. fiscal policy creates additional hurdles. Tariffs, trade wars and a shock to labor supply from immigration policy all have potentially inflationary effects. High and rising national debt implies a greater government interest expense burden, pushing up rates and crowding out private investment.
Market concentration and fundamentals exacerbate risks. Big U.S. stock indexes, such as the S&P 500® Index and Russell 1000® Growth Index, are remarkably concentrated in the 10 largest companies. Valuations of large-cap stock indexes are also high compared to historical averages. Growth stocks are similarly expensive relative to value stocks.
The implication is that heavily relying on a handful of companies increases the risk to the entire market of poor results or forecasts from one or a few firms. And if growth expectations turn out to be unrealistic, corrections could be sharp.The falling dollar suggests U.S. assets are less appealing than in the past. First, a weaker U.S. dollar means higher prices for imports (higher inflation). But take a step back and realize that the weaker the dollar, the lower the returns on dollar-denominated assets, such as U.S. stocks and bonds, for foreign investors.
Essentially, since the 2008 Great Financial Crisis, U.S. assets have enjoyed a tailwind from a strengthening dollar. Overseas investors received the double benefit of currency gains alongside rising U.S. asset prices.
This tide may finally be going out, as the greenback has fallen about 10% since January 2025. One implication for financial markets and the economy is that less foreign demand for U.S. Treasuries means higher rates here at home, all else equal.
These economic and policy uncertainties go a long way to explaining why we expect market volatility to continue in 2026. However, one source of uncertainty warrants a more detailed discussion.
Is AI a Bubble or a Breakthrough for Markets in 2026?
On the one hand, investors appear to be saying that the big corporate spenders on AI are unlikely to generate an economic return sufficient to justify massive capital spending. This is the argument of those who see an “AI bubble.”
On the other hand, the stocks of entire industries — including software, many financial services segments, and even real estate property managers — are being hammered on the premise that AI threatens their very existence.
So, which is it? Is AI massively overhyped, or is it an economic superpower about to make entire segments of the economy obsolete?
We believe the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle.
In our conversations with companies, we observe clear signs of progress in implementing AI in software coding and digital advertising. However, the broader promise of productivity from “agentic AI” has so far remained unfulfilled.
Physical AI provides another way for this technology to boost productivity. Examples include autonomous vehicles or robots, which can “reason” and interact with their physical surroundings. However, we’re still in the early stages of development and deployment.
And while there are signs of frothiness in speculative capital chasing early-stage AI startups, the most profitable and largest cash-generating companies in the world are fueling much of the AI investment. These big spenders include Alphabet, Amazon.com, Meta Platforms and Microsoft. So far, Alphabet and Meta have reported some of the clearest signs of AI contributing meaningfully to their bottom lines.
What we’re looking for are broader signs of success and AI adoption resulting from this spending on model training and data centers/cloud computing. Such signs would help sustain investment in AI and ease investor worries about overspending. Identifying and validating these successes is a top priority for all our investment teams.
Finding Opportunities During AI-Driven Market Dislocations
In our view, the dislocations and market upheaval surrounding AI present a tremendous opportunity to add value through individual security selection. That’s because the AI-related sell-off across entire industries overlooks the differing fundamentals of the underlying companies.
For example, we’re seeing high-quality software companies with accelerating growth selling off right alongside those with slowing growth. We see these fast-growing companies as potential opportunities at what we think are attractive valuations, given our view of their likely long-term success.
What’s more, opportunities aren’t limited to AI and its related fields. For instance, we continue to see significant potential in companies that benefit from long-term, secular trends such as space commercialization, high-quality industrials, cybersecurity and drug discovery.
Finally, uncertainty around interest rates and financing costs underscores the attractiveness of companies that can finance growth from their own cash flows. This explains, in part, why we’re so focused on the sustainability and trajectory of corporate profitability, viewed in the context of a company’s stage of development.
Value Stocks
How to Find Value Amid AI Disruption
Dario Amodei, the co-founder of AI company Anthropic, wrote an essay in October 2024 that struck an upbeat tone about this emerging technology.1
Titled “Machines of Loving Grace,” his essay acknowledges AI’s risks but mostly extols how its transformative power could be harnessed to improve the world.
In January 2026, Amodei published another essay with a decidedly different theme.2 “The Adolescence of Technology” is a warning to a world that he seems to think is sleepwalking into a “serious civilizational challenge” as AI’s capabilities rapidly advance and potentially change how, or if, humans work.
“Humanity needs to wake up, and this essay is an attempt — possibly a futile one, but it’s worth trying — to jolt people awake,” Amodei wrote.
How AI May Reshape Sector Expectations in 2026
Amodei’s latest essay seems to have sparked some serious thinking among investors about how AI could fundamentally alter the businesses they invest in.
One by one this year, stocks of entire industries have tumbled as new applications and advances in AI appear to threaten broad business models. Software stocks fell sharply as investors considered whether AI could quickly and cheaply replicate the functions of software-as-a-service (SaaS) firms like Salesforce.
Others followed. Insurance brokers sold off due to fears that businesses could use an AI model to analyze their risks and pair them with appropriate insurance policies, eliminating the need for a middleman. Real estate brokers fell on similar logic.
Investors are left facing a confounding landscape. How real are these threats? How soon could they materialize? What if these tools actually improve the businesses they’re supposed to supplant?
As we examine the situation, we find that the reality is more complex than these stock movements indicate. For instance, the doomsday predictions about software companies aren’t so straightforward.
Businesses storing their data on on-premises mainframes rather than in the cloud will probably face significant challenges, or even find it impossible, to substitute their existing software with an AI application.
Companies that handle particularly sensitive data — hospitals, law firms, banks and so on — would be reluctant to transfer their data to an AI-compatible cloud, not to mention the regulatory hurdles they might encounter when implementing AI.
Wealth managers have been in the AI crosshairs recently, too. Couldn’t AI advise people how to manage their money, taxes and estates?
Perhaps, but roboadvisors have existed for years. Consumers tend to value human interactions. They want someone to pick up the phone, answer their questions, guide them and provide reassurance. They also want, if necessary, someone to blame.
How AI Tools May Change How Consumers Discover Products
Even sectors and businesses that one might assume are relatively safe from AI might not be, depending on how certain variables unfold.
Take online retail, for example. Some AI firms are developing a shopping agent, an AI application that will scour the web and fetch items for purchase that match a consumer’s prompts.
Let’s say you’re a long-distance runner; you could get on an AI shopping agent and place the following prompt: “Find me a pair of Bluetooth-enabled, sweat-resistant earbuds that are gray or black — certainly not red — and are also on sale for less than $60 and can be delivered to me today by 5 p.m.” Rather than rifling through several websites yourself to find a product that meets all your specific needs, the AI agent does it for you in mere seconds.
In such a scenario, consumer convenience could pose trouble for seemingly entrenched online retail giants like Walmart or Amazon. Those companies would be cut off from consumers and the valuable data they currently collect from them for advertising purposes.
Morgan Stanley reports that just 1% of current e-commerce transactions are handled by AI shopping agents. It projects this will increase significantly to 20% by 2030.
Value Investing in the AI Era
As value investors, we continue to favor stocks of companies we deem as high-quality with durable business models and relatively narrow outcomes, even amid current AI disruptions.
We continue to like medical device companies because AI can’t make a hip replacement. Hospitals could benefit from AI by improving billing efficiency or assisting physicians in evaluating patient scans. AI could help pharmaceutical companies better identify which drugs under development have promise and which ones don’t.
We like sectors that, for now, still meet our criteria. We think consumer staples, for the most part, are relatively insulated from AI. Packaged foods and food distributors don’t appear to face direct AI headwinds while they deal with other challenges, like weight-loss drugs. But this thinking could change if AI results in higher unemployment and fewer people go to restaurants or cut back on overall spending.
Similarly, banks broadly have neutral AI exposure today, but credit risk would go up if job losses increased.
How Investors Can Adapt as AI Reshapes Business Models
New technologies have always posed challenges to investors. Some predictions about how the internet would affect companies came true almost immediately, while others never materialized. Most took years to play out.
AI seems similar. Markets often see it as pure disruption, but its earliest effects might be more incremental — appearing first as cost savings, increased efficiency, and better execution rather than a complete overhaul of business models. Over time, these improvements can significantly boost margins, productivity, and returns on capital, especially for established firms with scale.
AI will likely follow a similar path, though the changes could occur more quickly. Still, it doesn’t mean AI’s progress will advance steadily or evenly. A January 2026 study found that despite the impressive capabilities of large language models, the technology still showed a propensity to fail at reasoning, even in simple cases.3
In either case, it will mean investors should be vigilant, ready to adapt to changing circumstances, and also be prepared to examine and question the prevailing wisdom.
¹Dario Amodei, “Machines of Loving Grace,” available at https://darioamodei.com/essay/machines-of-loving-grace.
²Dario Amodei, “The Adolescence of Technology,” available at https://www.darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology.
³Peiyang Song, Pengrui Han, and Noah Goodman, “Large Language Model Reasoning Failures,” Transactions on Machine Learning Research, January 2026.
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A form of securitized debt that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments.
A form of securitized debt (defined below), ABS are structured like mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined below). But instead of mortgage loans or interest in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as auto loans, home equity loans, student loans, small business loans, and credit card debt. The value of an ABS is affected by changes in the market's perception of the assets backing the security, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the loan pool, the originator of the loans, or the financial institution providing any credit enhancement.
Basis points are used in financial literature to express values that are carried out to two decimal places (hundredths of a percentage point), particularly ratios, such as yields, fees, and returns. Basis points describe values that are typically on the right side of the decimal point--one basis point equals one one-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%). So 25 basis points equals 0.25%, and 50 basis points equals 0.50%. Only when basis points equal or exceed 100 does the value move to the left of the decimal point--100 basis points equals 1.00%, 500 basis points equals 5.00%, etc.
Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived “investment-grade”; those rated below BBB are considered/perceived non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Beta is a standard measurement of potential investment risk and return. It shows how volatile a security's or an investment portfolio's returns have been compared with their respective benchmark indices. A benchmark index's beta always equals 1. A security or portfolio with a beta greater than 1 had returns that fluctuated more, both up and down, than those of its benchmark, while a beta of less than 1 indicates less fluctuation than the benchmark.
Represents securities that are taxable, registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and U.S. dollar-denominated. The index covers the U.S. investment-grade fixed-rate bond market, with index components for government and corporate securities, mortgage pass-through securities, and asset-backed securities.
Entity responsible for oversight of a nation’s monetary system, including policies and interest rates.
Volatility indexes are forward-looking measures of the market's expectations of volatility (or how much a stock index's price moves). The CBOE manages and publishes three of the most widely used volatility indexes based on three major stock indexes: The VIX Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the S&P 500 Index, the VXN Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the NASDAQ-100 Index and the VXD Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. VIX, VXN and VXD are the ticker symbols for these three volatility indexes. The VIX in particular is a widely used measure of market risk and is often referred to as the "investor fear gauge."
A form of securitized debt, typically backed by pools of corporate loans and their payments.
MBS that represent ownership in pools of commercial real estate loans used to finance the construction and improvement of income-producing properties, including office buildings, shopping centers, industrial parks, warehouses, hotels, and apartment complexes.
Short-term debt issued by corporations to raise cash and to cover current expenses in anticipation of future revenues.
Commodities are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought or sold on an exchange or market. Examples include grains such as corn, foods such as coffee, and metals such as copper.
CPI is the most commonly used statistic to measure inflation in the U.S. economy. Sometimes referred to as headline CPI, it reflects price changes from the consumer's perspective. It's a U.S. government (Bureau of Labor Statistics) index derived from detailed consumer spending information. Changes in CPI measure price changes in a market basket of consumer goods and services such as gas, food, clothing, and cars. Core CPI excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile.
Debt instruments issued by corporations, as distinct from those issued by governments, government agencies, or municipalities. Corporate securities typically have the following features: 1) they are taxable, 2) they tend to have more credit (default) risk than government or municipal securities, so they tend to have higher yields than comparable-maturity securities in those sectors; and 3) they are traded on major exchanges, with prices published in newspapers.
Correlation measures the relationship between two investments--the higher the correlation, the more likely they are to move in the same direction for a given set of economic or market events. So if two securities are highly correlated, they will move in the same direction the vast majority of the time. Negatively correlated investments do the opposite--as one security rises, the other falls, and vice versa. No correlation means there is no relationship between the movement of two securities--the performance of one security has no bearing on the performance of the other. Correlation is an important concept for portfolio diversification--combining assets with low or negative correlations can improve risk-adjusted performance over time by providing a diversity of payouts under the same financial conditions.
The coupon interest rate is the stated/set interest rate that is assigned to each interest-paying fixed-income security when it is issued. It is used to calculate the security's periodic interest payments to investors; the coupon rate is applied to the security's principal value to generate interest payments.
Credit quality reflects the financial strength of the issuer of a security, and the ability of that issuer to provide timely payment of interest and principal to investors in the issuer's securities. Common measurements of credit quality include the credit ratings provided by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's. Credit quality and credit quality perceptions are a key component of the daily market pricing of fixed-income securities, along with maturity, inflation expectations and interest rate levels.
Measurements of credit quality (defined below) provided by credit rating agencies (defined below). Those provided by Standard & Poor's typically are the most widely quoted and distributed, and range from AAA (highest quality; perceived as least likely to default) down to D (in default). Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived to be "investment-grade"; those below BBB are considered/perceived to be non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Credit risk is the risk that the inability or perceived inability of the issuers of debt securities to make interest and principal payments will cause the value of those securities to decrease. Changes in the credit ratings of debt securities could have a similar effect.
A debt instrument, including bonds, certificates of deposit or preferred stocks.
Deflation is the opposite of inflation (see Inflation); it describes a decline in prices for goods, assets and services, and is considered a highly undesirable economic outcome by economists and policymakers.
A payment of a company's earnings to stockholders as a distribution of profits.
The return earned by a stock investor, calculated by dividing the amount of annual dividends per share by the current share price of the stock.
Occurs when the investor or fund manager uses techniques attempting to prevent a decrease in the value of the investment.
Duration is an important indicator of potential price volatility and interest rate risk in fixed income investments. It measures the price sensitivity of a fixed income investment to changes in interest rates. The longer the duration, the more a fixed income investment's price will change when interest rates change. Duration also reflects the effect caused by receiving fixed income cash flows sooner instead of later. Fixed income investments structured to potentially pay more to investors earlier (such as high-yield, mortgage, and callable securities) typically have shorter durations than those that return most of their capital at maturity (such as zero-coupon or low-yielding noncallable Treasury securities), assuming that they have similar maturities.
The risk and/or opportunity to a company's market valuation resulting from environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. Depending on the sector, environmental and social factors include, but are not limited to, 1) climate change, 2) water stress, 3) product safety and quality (supply chain and manufacturing), 4) cybersecurity and data privacy, and 5) human capital management. Regardless of the sector, governance factors include: 1) business (mis)conduct, 2) board composition, independence and entrenchment, 3) accounting practices, 4) ownership structure, and 5) executive pay-for-sustainability performance alignment.
Together with the national central banks of the European Union member states whose currency is the Euro (€), the European Central Bank (ECB) defines and implements the monetary policy for the Euro area.
The eurozone is sometimes referred to as the euro area and represents the member states that participate in the economic and monetary union (EMU) with the European Union (EU). The eurozone currently consists of: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
The federal funds rate is an overnight interest rate banks charge each other for loans. More specifically, it's the interest rate charged by banks with excess reserves at a Federal Reserve district bank to banks needing overnight loans to meet reserve requirements. It's an interest rate that's mentioned frequently within the context of the Federal Reserve's interest rate policies. The Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee (defined below) sets a target for the federal funds rate (which is a key benchmark for all short-term interest rates, especially in the money markets), which it then supports/strives for with its open market operations (buying or selling government securities).
The Fed is the U.S. central bank, responsible for monetary policies affecting the U.S. financial system and the economy.
A floating rate is associated with payments that fluctuate with an underlying interest rate level, as opposed to paying fixed-rate income.
Investment "fundamentals," in the context of investment analysis, are typically those factors used in determining value that are more economic (growth, interest rates, inflation, employment) and/or financial (income, expenses, assets, credit quality) in nature, as opposed to "technicals," which are based more on market price (into which fundamental factors are considered to have been "priced in"), trend, and volume factors (such as supply and demand), and momentum. Technical factors can often override fundamentals in near-term investor and market behavior, but, in theory, investments with strong fundamental supports should maintain their value and perform relatively well over long time periods.
One of the biggest sectors in the municipal securities (defined below) market. Typically, these bonds are secured by the full faith and credit pledge (defined above) of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer's taxing power (tax revenues provide the means by which most interest payments are made). GO bonds can be issued by states, counties, cities, towns and regional districts to fund a variety of public projects, including construction of and improvements to schools, highways, and water and sewer systems.
The Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index aims to quantify the level of uncertainty surrounding future economic policies based on news coverage, tax regulations and economic forecasts. The global index is an average of national economic policy uncertainty indices for 20 countries.
A measure of the total economic output in goods and services for an economy.
High-yield bonds are fixed income securities with lower credit quality and lower credit ratings. High-yield securities are those rated below BBB- by Standard & Poor's.
Inflation, sometimes referred to as headline inflation, reflects rising prices for consumer goods and services, or equivalently, a declining value of money. Core inflation excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile. It is the opposite of deflation (see Deflation).
Debt securities that offer returns adjusted for inflation; a feature designed to eliminate the inflation risk.
Published on a monthly basis, the ISM surveys more than 300 manufacturing firms on employment, production, new orders, supplier deliveries, and inventories. A composite diffusion index of national manufacturing conditions is constructed, where readings above (below) 50 percent indicate an expanding (contracting) manufacturing sector.
A debt security with a relatively low risk of default issued and sold by a corporation to investors.
Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price.
This phrase refers to seven stocks that have been high-performing in the technology sector — Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, NVIDIA and Tesla.
A form of securitized debt (defined below) that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments. Most MBS are structured as "pass-throughs"--the monthly payments of principal and interest on the mortgages in the pool are collected by the financial entity that is servicing the mortgages and are "passed through" monthly to investors. The monthly and principal payments are key differences between MBS and other bonds such as Treasuries, which pay interest every six months and return the whole principal at maturity. Most MBS are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), or by a private lending institution.
A free float-adjusted market capitalization-weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets, excluding the United States.
The MSCI ACW (All Country World) Investable Market Index (IMI) captures large, mid and small cap representation across 23 Developed Markets (DM) and 24 Emerging Markets (EM) countries. With 9,139 constituents, the index is comprehensive, covering approximately 99% of the global equity investment opportunity set.
A free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed markets.
These are long-term municipal securities (defined below) with maturities of 10 years or longer.
Debt securities typically issued by or on behalf of U.S. state and local governments, their agencies or authorities to raise money for a variety of public purposes, including financing for state and local governments as well as financing for specific projects and public facilities. In addition to their specific set of issuers, the defining characteristic of munis is their tax status. The interest income earned on most munis is exempt from federal income taxes. Interest payments are also generally exempt from state taxes if the bond owner resides within the state that issued the security. The same rule applies to local taxes. Another interesting characteristic of munis: Individuals, rather than institutions, make up the largest investor base. In part because of these characteristics, munis tend to have certain performance attributes, including higher after-tax returns than other fixed income securities of comparable maturity and credit quality and low volatility relative to other fixed-income sectors. The two main types of munis are general obligation bonds (GOs) and revenue bonds. GOs are munis secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer's taxing power. Revenue bonds are secured by the charges tied to the use of the facilities financed by the bonds.
For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, nominal yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers. Most nominal fixed-income yields include some extra yield, an "inflation premium," that is typically priced/added into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation (see Inflation). Real yields (see Real yield), such as those for TIPS (see TIPS), don't have the inflation premium. As a result, nominal yields are typically higher than TIPS yields and other real yields.
MBS that represent ownership in pools of commercial real estate loans used to finance the construction and improvement of income-producing properties. Non-agency CMBS are not guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored enterprise.
The personal consumption expenditures ("PCE") price deflator—which comes from the Bureau of Economic Analysis' quarterly report on U.S. gross domestic product—is based on a survey of businesses and is intended to capture the price changes in all final goods, no matter the purchaser. Because of its broader scope and certain differences in the methodology used to calculate the PCE price index, the Federal Reserve ("the Fed") holds the PCE deflator as its preferred, consistent measure of inflation over time.
The price of a stock divided by its annual earnings per share. These earnings can be historical (the most recent 12 months) or forward-looking (an estimate of the next 12 months). A P/E ratio allows analysts to compare stocks on the basis of how much an investor is paying (in terms of price) for a dollar of recent or expected earnings. Higher P/E ratios imply that a stock's earnings are valued more highly, usually on the basis of higher expected earnings growth in the future or higher quality of earnings.
Measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. The prices included in the PPI are from the first commercial transaction for many products and some services.
Indicator of the economic health of the manufacturing sector, based on monthly surveys.
Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations assign quality ratings to reflect forward-looking opinions on the creditworthiness of loan issuers.
A form of monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate economic growth. In QE, a central bank (such as the U.S. Federal Reserve) buys domestic government securities to increase the domestic money supply, lower interest rates, and encourage investors to make investments in riskier assets such as stocks and high-yield securities.
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are securities that trade like stocks and invest in real estate through properties or mortgages.
For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, real yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers (see Yield) minus the premium (extra yield) added to help counteract the effects of inflation (see Inflation). Most "nominal" fixed-income yields (see Nominal yield) include an "inflation premium" that is typically priced into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation. Real yields, such as those for TIPS, don't have the inflation premium. As a result, TIPS yields and other real yields are typically lower than most nominal yields.
Trades or investments made on the assumption that the world economy will rebound due to reflation (a reversal of deflation due to a government's economic fiscal or monetary policy to stimulate the economy).
One of the biggest sectors in the municipal debt (defined above) market. Unlike a general obligation (GO) bond (defined above), revenue bonds are not backed by a municipal issuer's taxing authority. Instead, interest and principal are secured by the net revenues (tolls, fees, or other charges tied to usage) from the project or facility being financed. Revenue bonds are issued to finance a variety of capital projects, including construction or refurbishment of utility and waste disposal systems, highways, bridges, tunnels, air and seaport facilities, schools and hospitals.
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values.
Measures the performance of those Russell 2000 Index companies (the 2,000 smallest of the 3,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values.
A style-concentrated index designed to track the performance of stocks that exhibit the strongest growth characteristics by using a style-attractiveness weighting scheme.
The S&P 500® Index is composed of 500 selected common stocks most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
The S&P 500 Value Index is a style-concentrated index that measures stocks in the S&P 500 using three factors: the ratios of book value, earnings, and sales to price. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
Provides investors with a benchmark for mid-sized companies. The index covers over 7% of the U.S. equity market, and seeks to remain an accurate measure of mid-sized companies, reflecting the risk and return characteristics of the broader mid-cap universe on an on-going basis.
A capitalization-weighted index consisting of 600 domestic stocks, measures the small company segment of the U.S. market.
Debt resulting from the process of aggregating debt instruments into a pool of similar debts, then issuing new securities backed by the pool (securitizing the debt). Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (ABS and MBS, defined further above) and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs, defined above) are common forms of securitized debt. The credit quality (defined above) of securitized debt can vary significantly, depending on the underwriting standards of the original debt issuers, the credit quality of the issuers, economic or financial conditions that might affect payments, the existence of credit backing or guarantees, etc.
A security that has a higher priority compared to another in the event of liquidation.
A country's own government-issued debt, priced in its native currency, that can be sold to investors in other countries to raise needed funds. For example, U.S. Treasury debt is U.S. sovereign debt, and would be referred to as sovereign debt when bought by foreign investors. Conversely, debt issued by foreign governments and priced in their currencies would be sovereign debt to U.S. investors.
In fixed income parlance, spreads are simply measured differences or gaps that exist between two interest rates or yields that are being compared with each other. Spreads typically exist and are measured between fixed income securities of the same credit quality (defined above), but different maturities, or of the same maturity, but different credit quality. Changes in spreads typically reflect changes in relative value, with "spread widening" usually indicating relative price depreciation of the securities whose yields are increasing most, and "spread tightening" indicating relative price appreciation of the securities whose yields are declining most (or remaining relatively fixed while other yields are rising to meet them). Value-oriented investors typically seek to buy when spreads are relatively wide and sell after spreads tighten.
In fixed income parlance, these are typically non-Treasury securities that usually trade in the fixed income markets at higher yields than same-maturity U.S. Treasury securities. The yield difference between Treasuries and non-Treasuries is called the "spread" (defined further above), hence the name "spread sectors" for non-Treasuries. These sectors--such as corporate-issued securities and mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined above)--typically trade at higher yields (spreads) than Treasuries because they usually have relatively lower credit quality (defined above) and more credit/default risk (defined above), and/or they have more prepayment risk (defined above).
Changes in spreads that reflect changes in relative value, with "spread widening" usually indicating relative price depreciation and "spread tightening" indicating relative price appreciation.
Stagflation describes slowing economic growth combined with high inflation.
An unsecured loan or bond that ranks below more senior loans in terms of claims on assets or earnings.
For bonds and other fixed-income securities, total return is a standard performance measurement that incorporates both income (primarily from interest payments) and changes in the prices of the securities (see Price changes from market changes). It is viewed as a more complete measurement of fixed-income performance than yield alone.
TIPS are a special type of U.S. Treasury security designed to address a fundamental, long-standing fixed-income market issue: that the fixed interest payments and principal values at maturity of most fixed-income securities don't adjust for inflation. TIPS interest payments and principal values do. The adjustments include upward or downward changes to both principal and coupon interest based on inflation. TIPS are inflation-indexed; that is, tied to the U.S. government's Consumer Price Index (CPI). At maturity, TIPS are guaranteed by the U.S. government to return at least their initial $1,000 principal value, or that principal value adjusted for inflation, whichever amount is greater. In addition, as their principal values are adjusted for inflation, their interest payments also adjust.
A treasury note is a debt security issued by the U.S. government with a fixed interest rate and maturity ranging from one to 10 years.
The yield (defined below) of a Treasury security (most often refers to U.S. Treasury securities issued by the U.S. government).
Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and backed by the direct "full faith and credit" pledge of the U.S. government. Treasury securities include bills (maturing in one year or less), notes (maturing in two to 10 years) and bonds (maturing in more than 10 years). They are generally considered among the highest quality and most liquid securities in the world.
A quantitative estimate of a company or asset’s value.
See Chicago Board of Trade (CBOE) Volatility Indexes.
For bonds and other fixed-income securities, yield is a rate of return on those securities. There are several types of yields and yield calculations. "Yield to maturity" is a common calculation for fixed-income securities, which takes into account total annual interest payments, the purchase price, the redemption value, and the amount of time remaining until maturity.
A line graph showing the yields of fixed income securities from a single sector (such as Treasuries or municipals), but from a range of different maturities (typically three months to 30 years), at a single point in time (often at month-, quarter- or year-end). Maturities are plotted on the x-axis of the graph, and yields are plotted on the y-axis. The resulting line is a key bond market benchmark and a leading economic indicator.
A "spread," in fixed income parlance, is simply a difference. Yield spreads measure yield differences, typically between debt securities with high credit ratings (which typically have lower yields) and those with lower ratings (which typically have higher yields). Yield spreads can also be measured between debt securities with different maturities (shorter-maturity securities typically have lower yields and longer-maturity securities typically have higher yields).
©2026 Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC. The S&P 500® Index is composed of 500 selected common stocks most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
References to specific securities are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended as recommendations to purchase or sell securities. Opinions and estimates offered constitute our judgment and, along with other portfolio data, are subject to change without notice.
International investing involves special risks, such as political instability and currency fluctuations. Investing in emerging markets may accentuate these risks.
Investment return and principal value of security investments will fluctuate. The value at the time of redemption may be more or less than the original cost. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Historically, small- and/or mid-cap stocks have been more volatile than the stock of larger, more-established companies. Smaller companies may have limited resources, product lines and markets, and their securities may trade less frequently and in more limited volumes than the securities of larger companies.
Diversification does not assure a profit nor does it protect against loss of principal.
Generally, as interest rates rise, bond prices fall. The opposite is true when interest rates decline.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment returns will fluctuate and it is possible to lose money.
The opinions expressed are those of American Century Investments (or the portfolio manager) and are no guarantee of the future performance of any American Century Investments portfolio. This material has been prepared for educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide, and should not be relied upon for, investment, accounting, legal or tax advice.